


These variables were mapped using the Vensim model to visualize the causality of each variable with one another. 170 variables were found within codes and classified into Independent, Dependent, and Intervening Groups of variables (InDGs, DGs, and IGs, respectively). The interviews were transcribed using Vivo coding, an open-coded method. Semi-structured interviews with the representatives of these five groups were conducted across Iceland. To visualize the perception of NBS key stakeholders and to identify potential opportunities and eventual conflicting interests, five groups of stakeholders were identified: i) academics, ii) governments, iii) NGOs, iv) water companies, and v) local communities.

To ensure the successful implementation of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), it is essential to assess the perception of key stakeholders.
